In August 19, 2007, a scientific survey led by Japan’s Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and the country’s Aerospace Exploration Agency found that Arctic ice was melting faster than expected.
This discovery was especially concerning because United Nations scientific models predicted that the rate of melting observed by the Japanese mission would not be reached until 2040 or possibly even 2050.
A scientist from the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics revealed that the Arctic ice is melting at unprecedented levels. This has led to changes in the coastal ice areas of Canada and Alaska, causing them to become more fragile. Massive blocks of ice break away in a process called calving and melt in the open oceans. Additionally, less sea ice has been reported in the Arctic Ocean as it drifts towards the Atlantic Ocean. The lowest level of Arctic ice previously recorded was on August 15, 2005, but researchers believe that this record will be surpassed in 2007.
The summer of 2007 marked a significant milestone for the Arctic. In August, the Northwest Passage had almost no suspended ice, making it fully navigable for ships for the first time since records began in 1972. This minimal ice presence is strong evidence that the Earth is warming. With this newly accessible sea passage, it is now possible for vessels to travel from New York City to the Korean Peninsula without encountering ice obstacles, although challenging weather conditions may still be a concern. To put things in perspective, it took explorer Roald Amundsen 3 years to navigate the Northwest Passage’s dense ice.
There are three main methods of measuring sea ice: satellite microwave sensors, buoys, and observation platforms. Researchers focus on the extent of ice floating on the sea, rather than its depth, as satellites are better equipped to measure surface coverage. They consider various factors such as the minimum and maximum extent, thickness, environmental conditions, and changes during the melting season. The Arctic sea ice melting season typically lasts from March to mid-September.
This record-breaking rate of Arctic ice melting raises concerns about rising sea levels, reduced habitats for wildlife, particularly polar bears, and the potential for increased fossil fuel extraction in the region. The increase in navigational activities in the Northwest Passage and Northeast Passage (a route towards Siberia) could also lead to increased pollution in the area.
Sea ice naturally regenerates during the winter, but warmer water temperatures are causing a decline in the rate of regeneration. Ice that was once considered “permanent” is now melting into seawater, leaving a diminishing ice foundation at the start of each melting season.
Sea ice plays a crucial role in regulating global temperatures. While sea ice reflects 80% of the sun’s ultraviolet rays back into the atmosphere, ocean waters absorb 90% of these rays. With more sea ice turning into ocean water each melting season, more sunlight is absorbed and less is reflected, leading to further increases in water temperatures and accelerating the melting of sea ice.
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